By Nikolaus Wachsmann, Jane Caplan
The infamous focus camp procedure used to be a imperative pillar of the 3rd Reich, helping the Nazi conflict opposed to political, racial and social outsiders when additionally intimidating the inhabitants at huge. tested through the first months of the Nazi dictatorship in 1933, numerous million males, ladies and youngsters of many nationalities were incarcerated within the camps by means of the tip of the second one global conflict. at the very least million misplaced their lives. This complete quantity deals the 1st assessment of the new scholarship that has replaced the best way the camps are studied over the past twenty years. Written through a world workforce of specialists, the e-book covers such themes because the earliest camps; social lifestyles, paintings and team of workers within the camps; the general public face of the camps; problems with gender and commemoration; and the connection among focus camps and the ultimate answer. The publication offers a finished advent to the present historiography of the camps, highlighting the major conclusions which have been made, commenting on carrying on with components of discussion, and suggesting attainable instructions for destiny examine.
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Extra info for Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories
Sample text
It was only now that the goals of mass extermination and forced labour for armaments production – often regarded as the twin evils of the SS camp system – fully dominated. In the end, just one of these goals was reached: the camps were much better at mass killing than production. From 1942, the focus of forced labour in the camps shifted from the future to the present, from building German cities and settlements to the war effort. This shift reflected a general turn in German policy. Following the failure of the Blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union and the US entry into the war, the regime faced a lengthy war on many fronts.
The first, Neuengamme close to Hamburg, was turned into a main camp from early 1940. Next was Auschwitz (Oświęcim) near Kraków, which officially operated as a concentration camp from June 1940. Now synonymous with the Holocaust, Auschwitz was not conceived as an extermination camp: until 1942, its main focus was on crushing the opposition in Poland. 53 The concentration camp system mirrored the wider reach of Nazi terror. But its growth also continued to be driven by SS economic ambitions. Hitler’s visions of rebuilding German cities became ever more outlandish, requiring even more bricks and stone.
1937 24,000 30 June 1938 50,000 Mid-Nov. 1938 21,400 1 Sept. 1939 53,000 31 Dec. 1940 Sept. 1942 August 1943 August 1944 15 Jan. 81 The growth of the camps was closely related to the regime’s frantic hunt for forced labour. Arrests were stepped up across Europe, leading (after autumn 1943) to an expansion of prisoners forced into armaments production. Much of the impetus now came from outside the SS-police apparatus. Private industry became more proactive in its pursuit of concentration camp labour.