By James and lee
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Best water supply & land use books
Safety, Reliability and Risks Associated with Water, Oil and Gas Pipelines
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Using optical technique, instrumentation and photonics units for imaging, imaginative and prescient and optical sensing is of accelerating value in realizing our marine setting. Subsea optics could make an incredible contribution to the security and sustainable administration of ocean assets and give a contribution to tracking the reaction of marine structures to weather switch.
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Sample text
C What should the private investor do if he has no alternative investments this year, but starting next year (year 1), he can invest his money at a guaranteed return of 20 percent? 2-6 The three alternatives described below are available for supplying a community water upply for the next 50 year when all economic lives as well as the period of analysis terminates. 5 percent discount rate where applicable, compare the projects by: a The present-worth method b The rate-of-return method c The benefit-cost ratio method d The annual-cost method MATHEMATICS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 39 2-7 A decision must be made between two alternative investments which perform equally well.
53-54. MATHEMATICS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 33 From our previous calculations on our sample problem, we know that each project has a positive present worth at a 5 percent discount rate; therefore, each project has a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1 and Rule 3 is met. As with the rate-of-return method, differences between alternatives (Table 2-2) are taken to see if the incremental costs are justified. The incremental net cost found in Sec. 2-10 when coupled with the zero incremental benefit indicates a zero incremental benefit-cost ratio.
The least-total-cost method merely sums the estimated investment, operations, and maintenance costs over the life of the project and thus obviously ignores the timing of costs required by the discounting concept. The least-total-annual-cost method adds an interest cost to the total cost. Those using this method confuse financial analysis with economic analysis by including interest as a cost without determining time equivalence by discounting specific cash flows. , and S. Smidt: "The Capital Budgeting Decision" (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1960).