By Mark A. Haidekker
Biomedical imaging is a comparatively younger self-discipline that began with Conrad Wilhelm Roentgen’s discovery of the x-ray in 1895. X-ray imaging used to be quickly followed in hospitals all over the world. in spite of the fact that, it used to be the appearance of automated information and photograph processing that made progressive new imaging modalities attainable. this present day, cross-sections and three-d reconstructions of the organs contained in the human physique is feasible with exceptional velocity, aspect and caliber. This ebook offers an creation into the rules of photograph formation of key clinical imaging modalities: X-ray projection imaging, x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and radionuclide imaging. fresh advancements in optical imaging also are coated. for every imaging modality, the advent into the actual ideas and assets of distinction is supplied, by way of the equipment of photograph formation, engineering features of the imaging units, and a dialogue of strengths and boundaries of the modality. With this booklet, the reader earnings a large starting place of figuring out and information how today’s scientific imaging units function. additionally, the chapters during this ebook can function an access element for the in-depth research of person modalities through delivering the fundamental fundamentals of every modality in a accomplished and easy-to-understand demeanour. As such, this booklet is both appealing as a textbook for undergraduate or graduate biomedical imaging periods and as a reference and self-study advisor for extra really expert in-depth reviews.
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Example text
This saturation region is called the shoulder region. A wide variety of radiological films is available for any specific purpose. Films can be sensitized toward special conversion layers (for example, blue-or green-sensitive films), and films with different contrast are available. High-contrast films have a very narrow linear region and need to be accurately exposed. Films with lower contrast are good for general-purpose imaging and scout images. , the region between toe and shoulder) is called the film’s latitude.
14) and assume a “representative” absorption μ for the Radon transform (Eq. 3), which will determine the image values returned in the reconstruction. The “representative” μ may vary widely between scanners, within the same scanner when different tube parameters are used, and even when the tube ages. A straightforward way to make the absorption coefficients more comparable between different scanners is to express absorption relative to water and air.
The Fourier slice theorem can be derived in a very straightforward manner for any projection parallel to one axis. With reference to Fig. 1 CT Image Formation Principles 41 Fig. 4 Projecting the image μ(x, y) parallel to the y-axis yields one projection p(x), where each point of p(x) is the line integral along a vertical line (arrow) through μ(x, y) y µ(x,y) x p(x) x and its one-dimensional continuous Fourier transform P(u) = F { p(x)} is ⎤ ⎡ +∞ +∞ μ(x, y) dy ⎦ e−2π jux dx. 5) −∞ The two-dimensional Fourier transform M(u, v) of the entire image μ(x, y) is defined as: +∞ +∞ μ(x, y) e−2π j (ux+vy) dxdy.