By Anthony Y. K. Chan
For a few years, the instruments to be had to physicians have been constrained to a couple basic handpieces akin to stethoscopes, thermometers and syringes; doctors essentially depended on their senses and talents to accomplish prognosis and illness mitigation. this present day, prognosis of scientific difficulties is seriously depending on the research of data made to be had by means of refined scientific machineries resembling electrocardiographs, ultrasound scanners and laboratory analyzers. sufferer remedies frequently contain really good gear resembling cardiac pacemakers and electrosurgical devices. Such biomedical instrumentations play a severe and vital function in modern-day medication. which will layout, construct, keep and successfully set up clinical units, one must comprehend not just their layout and building but in addition how they have interaction with the human physique. This e-book presents a accomplished method of learning the foundations and layout of biomedical units in addition to their purposes in medication. it's written for engineers and technologists who're attracted to knowing the rules, layout and functions of clinical machine expertise. The e-book can also be meant for use as a textbook or reference for biomedical equipment know-how classes in universities and schools.
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Extra info for Biomedical Device Technology: Principles And Design
Sample text
There are many types of transducers in biomedical applications. Their characteristics, principles of operation, and design can be very different. The following major categories of biomedical transducers are covered in the next six chapters: 1. Pressure transducers 2. Temperature transducers 3. Motion transducers 4. Flow transducers 5. Optical transducers 6.
A Wheatstone bridge is commonly used to couple a transducer to the other electronic circuits. Figure 3–5 shows a typical Wheatstone bridge with excitation voltage VE and impedances Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 at each arm of the bridge. The output of the bridge V0 in the figure is: Z3 Z2 V0 ϭ Va Ϫ Vb ϭ VE ––––––––– Ϫ ––––––––– Z3 ϩ Z4 Z2 ϩ Z1 ( ) (1) Z3 Ϫ ––––––––– Z2 From the equation, when ––––––––– ϭ 0, the bridge output Z3 ϩ Z4 Z2 ϩ Z1 ( ) voltage is zero (V0 ϭ 0). VE Z4 Z1 a + V – o b Z3 Z2 c Figure 3–5.
For example, when the input is a fastchanging signal, the output may not be able to follow the input, that is, the output may not have enough time to reach its steady state before the input is changed again. In this case, the signal will suffer from distortion. 34 Biomedical Device Technology: Principles and Design Output Transient Steady state Time Figure 2–4. Output Response to a Step Input. LINEAR VERSUS NONLINEAR STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS A linear calibration curve is one that obeys the relationship y ϭ mx ϩ c, where x is the input, y is the output, and m and c are both constants.