By Anthony J. Hickey
With step by step tools of drug creation and information of significant unit operations and key options of pharmaceutical engineering, this advisor can help to enhance communique one of the various execs operating within the pharmaceutical undefined. Key positive aspects: REVISION OF A BESTSELLER - Updates contain fresh advances within the box to maintain pharmaceutical scientists and technologists updated perfect INTRODUCTORY textual content - Covers simple engineering rules, drug creation, and improvement strategies, so scientists can simply convert bulk pharmaceutical items into patient-ready dosage types NEW info - on caliber rules that come with caliber by means of layout; mathematical and statistical techniques to experimental layout; laptop aided layout; and PAT (process analytical know-how) retains execs on the vanguard in their box accomplished assurance - step by step tools of drug creation, wisdom of significant unit operations, and key ideas of pharmaceutical engineering may help to enhance communique one of the different execs operating within the pharmaceutical
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Additional resources for Pharmaceutical Process Engineering: Second Edition (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences)
Example text
Radiation may be transmitted, reflected, or absorbed by matter, the fraction absorbed being transformed into heat. Radiation is of importance at extremes of temperature and in circumstances in which the other modes of heat transmission are suppressed. Although heat losses can, in some cases, equal the losses by natural convection, the mechanism is, from the standpoint of pharmaceutical processing, least important and needs only brief consideration. Heat transfer in many systems occurs as a steady-state process, and the temperature at any point in the system will not vary with time.
The major resistance to heat flow resides in the laminar sublayer. Its thickness is, therefore, of critical importance in determining the rate of heat transfer from the fluid to the boundary. It depends on the physical properties of the fluid, the flow conditions, and the nature of the surface. Increase in flow velocity, for example, decreases the thickness of the layer and, therefore, its resistance to heat flow. The interaction of these variables is exceedingly complex. A film transmitting heat only by conduction may be postulated to evaluate the rate of heat transfer at a boundary.
3:19Þ 44 Chapter 3 The net energy gained or lost by a body can be estimated with these laws. The simplest case is that of a gray body in black surroundings. These conditions, in which none of the energy emitted by the body is reflected back, are approximately those of a body radiating to atmosphere. 19)], where A is the area of the body and e is its emissivity. Surroundings at a temperature T2 will emit radiation proportional to sT 24, and a fraction, determined by area and absorptivity, a, will be absorbed by the body.